Six Sigma is driven by specific methodologies or roadmaps to improvement. They may see significant benefits from improving their processes by moving to Sigma Level 5 (233 defects). But it is important to note that this is a goal businesses must strive to reach through continued improvements.įor example, the basketball hoop company may begin their journey at Sigma Level 4 (6,210 defects per million units). In manufacturing, Six Sigma equates to 3.4 defects per million units. The average hoop width is therefore 18.0 inches, so the standard deviation must be 0.033 or lower assuming a normal distribution of hoop sizes. To avoid process defects, the hoop must have a diameter of between 17.8 and 18.2 inches. To illustrate this concept more clearly, consider a company that manufactures basketball hoops. This, Motorola found, provided enough buffer for natural variation in process outcomes to fall within the lower and upper limits. If a process error is governed by limits that separate good and bad process outcomes, the Six Sigma approach has a process mean (average) that is six standard deviations from each limit. In Six Sigma, the standard deviation is a measure of the variation in a data set collected about a specific process. The approach uses statistical principles to reduce errors and is based on the Greek letter sigma, which measures standard deviation in a population.
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